1	Biology Objective 3 Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.
2	Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it. Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.
3	A scientist has hypothesized that the existence of life on Mars is likely because Mars’s atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide. 36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis? F Do most other scientists agree with the hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere? J Have the scientist’s other predictions about Mars been validated?
4	36 Which question is valid in testing this hypothesis?
5	Name the Biome
6	What are they referring to? Biosphere – The entire area of the planet that supports life. Biome – An area defined by specific abiotic and biotic factors. Community – The groups of living things in an area and how they relate.
7	Ecology – The study of the relationships among living things Symbiosis is a close relationship between two living things. When both are helped it is called mutualism When one is helped and there is no effect on the other it is called commensulism When one is helped and the other is harmed it is called parasitism
8	Mutualism . . . Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a Remora. The shark never eats them since they clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both species are helped, this is mutualism.
9	Commensulism . . . Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they are helped by being raised up into the sunshine and receiving water.
10	Parasites . . . Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts food, causing the host to starve to death.
11	"35 Clown fish are small..." 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek protection from predators by sheltering themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can potentially scare off predators of sea anemones. This relationship is an example of -- A neutralism B mutualism C parasitism D commensalism
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13	All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
14	18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide
15	Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.
16	Consumers 1^st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2^nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3^rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores
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18	10% Energy Rule – Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level.
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20	Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a . . .
21	Food Web
22	Food Webs Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.
23	"37 Which of these groups..."
24	Predator and Prey Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the . . . Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.
25	To increase the predator population you could do what? 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought
26	Carrying Capacity This is the maximum number of a specific population that an area can support with enough food and living requirements. It is shown by a line on population graphs for a specific species.
27	2 Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at — F competing with birds G making its own food H hiding from predators J running very rapidly
28	And the answer is? H hiding from predators. Its not a plant, so it can’t make food. It has no wings, so it can not compete with birds. Although it has long legs, it doesn’t seem balanced for running.
29	Water Cycle Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and ground. Plants respire and evaporate water back into clouds. The ground filters the water run-off into the lakes where it evaporates again.
30	"21 The diagram shows" 21 The diagram shows physical changes that occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows condensation? A Q B R C S D T
31	Carbon Cycle Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆is produced by plants, eaten by animals. Photosynthesis Animals and plants exhale CO₂ which is taken in by plants to make glucose Cellular Respiration
32	Nitrogen Cycle
33	Nitrogen Cycle Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix” Nitrogen into a form usable by plants. It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as nitrates, so they can be used to build amino acids essential for building proteins, enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.
34	Rock Cycle
35	Man’s Effects on the Environment Ozone O₃is a protective layer at the top of the atmosphere. However, when it occurs near the ground, it is very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG
36	Man’s Effects on the Environment More than 90% of fresh water is locked in ice at the polar caps and in glaciers. Much of the fresh water is polluted by land run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.
37	Man’s Effects on the Environment Global warming, also called the Greenhouse Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil fuels and destruction of our oxygen producing protista in the oceans, and deforestation on land. Less plants means less oxygen and more CO₂.
38	54 Which of these activities can help conserve natural resources? F Recycling cardboard boxes G Washing small loads of laundry H Driving large cars J Building wooden fences
39	Evolution: The process of change over time. There are natural variations in all populations. As climate changes occur, and as pressures in terms of food, space, shelter and predation occur, some variations allow a species to survive. The members who survive, reproduce causing the change to become a characteristic of the species.
40	Speciation: Separation into new species. Geographic isolation can cause two different natural variations to become prominent causing 2 separate species. Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.
41	What is extinction and what causes it? A population is extinct when the last of that species is dead. Example: There are no more dinosaurs. What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When they no longer have what they need to live, they die.
42	Fossils These are imprints or remains of living things. In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the deeper it is, the older it is. Give us information about extinct species.
43	Homologous vs. Analogous Structures Homologous means they have the same origin, but may be different now. Example, the upper arm bones in dogs, cows, cats and monkeys. Analogous means they have the same function but come from different origins. Example, bird wings and wings of bats.
44	Viruses Viruses are not alive because they can not reproduce on their own, and They do not grow and develop and They do not exchange with their environment
45	Viral Illnesses Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores, mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus are all illnesses that are caused by a virus. A Virus is has a coat, a strand inside of DNA or RNA, and some type of attachment appendage.
46	Bacteria Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90% of all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful. Without bacteria, you would not be able to make or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you would be ill most of the time. Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples of bacterial infections.
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